CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
Language consists of two aspects
namely form and meaning. In relation to meaning, the smallest meaningful unit
in language is morpheme.
Morpheme is defined as the smallest
meaningful unit of a language (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975 : 37). Words are made up of
morphemes. The word insane, illegible, impossible,
irregular have different sound,
pronunciation or spelling.
We can identify the prefixes in- (insane), il- (illegible),
im- (impossible), ir- (irregular) are allomorphs of
the same negative morpheme. The relationship between a morpheme
and allomorphs: When a
morpheme is represented by a segment, that segment is a morph. If a morpheme
can be represented by more than one morph, the morphs are allomorphs. A morpheme is manifested as one or more
morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are
called allomorphs.
Allomorph is variant form of a
morpheme but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph has different in
pronunciation and spelling according to their condition. It means that
allomorph will have different sound, pronunciation or spelling in different
condition.
Base on the English
Dictionary, allomorph as adjective is (linguistics,
chemistry) of or relating to an allomorph or allomorphs ⇒ allomorphic variation. And allmorph as noun is (linguistics) any of the
phonological representations of a single morpheme. For example, the final (s)
and (z) sounds of bets and beds are allomorphs of the English
noun-plural morpheme.
An allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant form of a morpheme. The version of a morpheme as
actually realized in speech or writing, e.g. –s,-es, and –en are all allomorphs
(in writing) of the plural morpheme.[1]
B.
Limitation of the Research
The writer limits the problem
into the discussion of allomorph only.
C.
Problems Formulation
In this paper the writer is going to
discuss about:
1. The meaning of
allomorph.
2. The alllomorph variants.
3. The graphological allomorph.
4. The types of allomorph.
5. The stem allomorph
D.
Objective and Benefits
of the Study
The significant of this research is showing as follows :
1.
As knowledge for the searcher
in the learning process that usually used by teachers.
2.
As a contribution for the
students in mastery the English lesson effectively and efficiently.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
The Definition of Allomorph
An allomorph is
a linguistics
term for a variant form of a morpheme. The
concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically)
without changing meaning. It is used in linguistics to explain the
comprehension of variations in sound for a specific morpheme.
Allomorphs frequently happen that a
particular morpheme is not represented everywhere by the same morph, but by
different morphs in different environments. The alternative phonological
manifestations or representations of such a morpheme are called allomorphs, or
‘morpheme alternates’ or ‘morpheme variants’. Gleason defines allomorphs as, “a
variant of a morpheme which occurs in certain definable. The version of a
morpheme as actually realized in speech or writing, e.g. –s,-es, and –en are
all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.
B.
Allomorph
variant
Allomorph has different in pronunciation and spelling
according to their condition. It means that allomorph will have different
sound, pronunciation or spelling in different condition. Examples:
|
Allomorph
|
Root/ stem
|
Meaning
|
|
|
A teacher
An egg
|
A
An
|
Teacher
Egg
|
Countable noun
Countable noun
|
|
Mengejar
Memberi
Menulis
|
Meng-
Mem-
Men-
|
Kejar
Beri
Tulis
|
Doing action
Doing action
Doing action
|
|
Incapable
Illogical
Impossible
Irregular
|
In-
Il-
Im-
Ir-
|
Capable
Logical
Possible
Regular
|
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
|
At the
table of examples above, we can see that allomorph is a variant sound, of one
morpheme. It has different pronunciation and spelling, but it still has same
meaning. See the example bellow:
Incapable
Illogical
Impossible
“In-”,
“Il-” and “Im-” at the words above are the variant sound of “In-”. Although it
has different sound and spelling, it is still similar in meaning that is
negative.
Formal Features Of The Four Parts Of Speech
The four parts of speech – nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs – have their own formal features by which we can recognize them. The
formal features can be divided into two parts: the inflectional suffixes and derivational
affixes. Here, we can look the allomorph in inflectional
suffixes (noun and verb).
Inflectional
suffixes
Nouns in English have two inflectional suffixes.
They are: the plural (Z1) and
the possessive or genitive {Z2}. The
plural inflection {Z1} has three allomorphs {s~z~iz} and a group of irregular
ones, including {
} (zero).
} (zero).
The
first three allomorphs of the plural suffix (Z1) are distributed as
follows: {s} appears with nouns ending in voiceless consonants, except /s, š,
č/;{ z} appears with nouns ending in voiced consonants, except /z, ž, ĵ/; and
{iz} appears with nouns ending in sibilants and affricatives /s,š, z, ž, č, ĵ/.
Examples:
Books /bUks/ Roses
/roUziz/
Cups /k˄ps/ Houses
/haUziz/
Dogs /dogz/ Churches
/č:čiz/
:čiz/
Cars /ka:z/ Bridges
/briĵiz/
The possessive suffix {Z2} has four allomorphs: {s~z~iz~}. The first three
allomorphs have the same distribution as the allomorphs of the plural suffix
{Z1} and {} appears with noun
and proper nouns ending in /s/ or /z/. Examples:
}. The first three
allomorphs have the same distribution as the allomorphs of the plural suffix
{Z1} and {} appears with noun
and proper nouns ending in /s/ or /z/. Examples:
The table’s legs The
men’s hats
The tables’ legs John’s
books
The man’s hat alice’s
hair
b.
Verbs
Inflectional
Suffixes
English verbs have four inflectional suffixes: the
third person singular present tense inflectional suffix {Z3}, the past tense
inflectional suffix {D1}, the past participle inflectional suffix {D2}, and the
present participle inflectional suffix {iȠ1}. The third person
singular inflectional suffix {Z3}has three allomorphs, (s~z~iz), which have the
same distribution as the three allomorphs of the plural inflectional suffix
{Z1}.
The past tense inflectional suffix {D1} has three
allomorphs, (t~d~id), which have the same distribution as the three regular
allomorphs of {Z1}. A large number of English verbs have these regular
allomorphs of the past tense inflectional suffix {D1}. However, there are many
English verbs which have irregular allomorphs of the past tense inflectional
suffix {D1}. They are as follows:
1)
Some English verbs
whose base forms already end in /t/ or /d/ have a {} allomorphs,
e.g. set, put, hit, shed, spread, etc.
} allomorphs,
e.g. set, put, hit, shed, spread, etc.
2)
Some English verbs make
the past tense form with a change of vowel in the base and the {} allomorphs of
{D1}, e.g. ride-rode, give-gave, take-took, drink-drank, etc.
} allomorphs of
{D1}, e.g. ride-rode, give-gave, take-took, drink-drank, etc.
3)
Some English verbs
which add the {t} allomorphs of {D1}show morphophonemic change in the base,
e.g. sleep-slept, teach-taught, buy-bought, etc.
4)
Some English verbs
which add the {d}allomorphs of {D1}show morphophonemic change in the base e.g.
sell-sold, flee-fled, do-did, have-had, etc.
5)
Some English verbs have
{t}instead of the regular {d}after the voice consonants /m, n, l/ these verbs
can be divided into two groups:
(a)
Those that add /t/ to
the end of the base, sometimes with a change of the stem vowel, e.g.
spill-spilt, dream-dreamt, etc.: most of these have also regular forms in {d},
e.g. burned, dreamed
(b)
Those that drop a final
/d/ before adding {t},e.g. bend-bent, build-built, etc.
c.
Adjectives
Inflectional
suffixes
There
are only two inflectional suffixes adjectives can take, namely, {-er} and {-est}
to form the comparative and superlative degrees, e.g.:
Big – bigger – biggest
Large – larger – largest
Long – longer – longest
Derivational Affixes
1.
Many English adjectives
are formed by adding the suffixes {-ly, -ish, -al, -ous, -ic, -ar, -ary, -ful,
-less, -like, -ate, -en, and D2} to nouns, e.g.: cloudy, dirty, friendly,
lovely, foolish, childish, emotional, optional, famous, religious, historic,
syntactic, spectacular, muscular, visionary, documentary, peaceful, powerful,
faithless, powerless, lifelike, warlike, fortunate, compassionate, wooden,
golden, skilled, wretched, etc.
2.
Many adjectives are
formed by adding the suffixes {-ent, -ant, -ive, -able, -some, -ory, and, -en}
to verb stems, e.g.: confident, excellent, observant, pleasant, creative,
selective, readable, payable, meddlesome, winsome, regulatory, winsome,
regulatory, congratulatory, molten swollen, etc.
d.
Adverbs
Inflectional
suffixes
Like
adjectives, adverbs also have two inflectional suffixes, {-er} and {-est}, to
form the comparative and superlative degrees, e.g:
Fast – faster – fastest
Hard – harder – hardest
Late – later – latest
Derivation Affixes
1.
Many English adverbs
are form by adding the suffix {-ly2} and the prefix {a-} to adjective stems,
e.g.: happily, politely, hopefully, normally, abroad, along, aloud, around,
etc.
2.
Some English adverbs
are formed by adding the prefix {a-} and the suffixes {-ly2} and {-ward} to
noun stems, e.g.: away, aboard, ahead, apart, across, daily, hourly, weekly,
monthly, yearly, seaward, westward, etc.
C.
Graphological Allomorph
Graphological
allomorph is the study of hand writing about variant form of a morpheme, when a unit of meaning can vary in sound without
changing meaning.
Morphological
inflection/ inflectional morphology: is dependent on the grammatical categories
of tense and aspect.
|
Present tense
|
Past tense
|
|
Part
|
Part^ed
|
|
Partition
|
Partition^ed
|
|
Depart
|
Depart^ed
|
|
Departmentalize
|
Departmentaliz^ed
|
Morphology marking for grammatical
function not only occurs of verb but also occurs of Noun and pronouns. For
example: “departure” as noun it have functions as subject, it have
morphological marking for singular and plural form: ’a departure’/several departures.
Another example: she, her, hers.
Allomorph: the version of a morpheme as
actually realized in speech or writing, e.g. –s,-es, and –en are all allomorphs
(in writing) of the plural morpheme.
Allophone: the version of phoneme as actually
realized phonetically in speech.
Base on allomorph explanation above,
we get another concept is called allomorphic variants. For example: allomorphic
variants for singular and plural form in English language, like:-s, -es, and
–en. While for verb form in the past tense phonologically is /Id/, /d/, /t/
although the graphologically is ^ed except radical changes.
The Example of allomorphic variants for verb form in the past tense
phonologically and graphologically.
|
Phonologically
|
Graphologically
|
|
/Id/
|
‘ed’ – part^ed
|
|
/d/
|
‘ed’ -- pull^ed
|
|
/t/
|
‘ed’ -- push^ed
|
|
Radical changes
|
|
|
Sleep`
|
Slept
|
Examples of The Allomorphic Variants of
Singular and Plural Nouns in English
|
Singular
|
Graphologically
|
Plural
|
|
Cat
|
‘s’
|
Cats
|
|
Pen
|
‘s’
|
Pens
|
|
Box
|
‘es’
|
Boxes
|
|
Lady
|
‘-ies’
|
Ladies
|
|
Army
|
‘-ies’
|
Armies
|
|
Day
|
‘-s’
|
Days
|
|
Hero
|
‘-es’
|
Heroes
|
|
Child
|
‘-en’
|
Children
|
|
Singular
|
Graphologically
|
Plural
|
|
Lamp
|
‘-s’
|
Lamps
|
|
Cat
|
-s
|
Cats
|
|
Pen
|
-s
|
Pens
|
|
Box
|
-es
|
Boxes
|
|
Dish
|
-es
|
Dishes
|
Examples of the Allomorphic Variants
of Past Tense Form in English
|
Root/Base
|
|
Phonologically
|
Graphologically
|
|
Start
|
-ed
|
/Id/
|
Start^ed
|
|
Visit
|
-ed
|
/Id/
|
Visit^ed
|
|
Admit
|
-ed
|
/Id/
|
Admit^ed
|
|
Paint
|
-ed
|
/Id/
|
Paint^ed
|
D.
Types of Allomorph
Allomorphs are of three types:
a. Phonologically
Conditioned Allomorphs:
When
the allomorphs are conditioned by the phonetic nature of the preceding phoneme,
they are said to be phonologically conditioned allomorphs. For example, the
three allomorphs of the plural morphemes are represented by /-s/ occurs after
voiceless sounds, /-z/ occurs after voiced sounds and /-iz/ occurs after groove
fricatives and affricates. So these allomorphs are called phonologically
conditioned allomorphs.
Phonology is
the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. The
phonological system of a language includes
·
an inventory of sounds and
their features, and
·
rules which specify how sounds
interact with each other.
Phonology
is just one of several aspects of language. It is related to other aspects such
as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics.
Here is an
illustration that shows the place of phonology in an interacting hierarchy of
levels in linguistics:
Comparison:
Phonology and phonetics
|
Phonetics …
|
Phonology …
|
|
Is the basis for phonological
analysis.
|
Is the basis for further work
in morphology, syntax, discourse, and orthography design.
|
|
Analyzes the production of all
human speech sounds, regardless of language.
|
Analyzes the
sound patterns of a particular language by
·
determining which phonetic
sounds are significant, and
·
explaining how these sounds
are interpreted by the native speaker.
|
Phonological Conditioning
The plural morpheme in English (which combines with
a noun morpheme to form aplural) is represented by three allomorphs /s/, /z/
and /iz/ in different environments(which are phonologically conditioned).
Similarly, the past tense morpheme can appear as /-d/, /-t/, /-id/. Each of
these morphs belongs to the same morpheme. These are called allomorphs.
Models of phonology
Different models of phonology contribute to
our knowledge of phonological representations and processes:
·
In classical phonemics,
phonemes
and their possible combinations are central.
·
In standard generative
phonology, distinctive features are central. A stream of speech is
portrayed as linear sequence of discrete sound-segments. Each segment is
composed of simultaneously occurring features.
·
In non-linear models of phonology,
a stream of speech is represented as multidimensional, not simply as a linear
sequence of sound segments. These non-linear models grew out of generative
phonology:
b. Morphologically Conditioned Allomorphs:
When allomorphs
are determined by the specific morpheme or morphemes forming the content,
rather than by phonological features, they are called morphologically
conditioned allomorphs i.e. / / which only occurs with three morphemes. They
are ox / ks/, brother /b r r/, and child /caild/.
Plural Morpheme Allomorphs
/iz/ in
the case of words ending in /s/, /z/, /ò/, /з/, /tò/, /dз/ e.g. buses / bΛsız/,
vases /va: zız/, bushes / bò f ız/, rouges
/ru : зız/, churches /tòз tòız/ judges/, /dзnΛdзız/
/s/ in the case of words ending in a voiceless
consonant : cats /kæts/, caps /kæps/
/z/ in the
case of words ending in voiced sounds : bags /bægz/
Similarly, the present tense morpheme {-e(s)} has three allomorphs /s/, /z/
& /Iz/,e.g. packs /pæks/, digs /digz/, washes /woòIz/.
c. Lexically conditioned allomorph
The choice of allomorph is
unpredictable, thus memorized on a word by word basis, ex : ox –plural- oxen,
sheep-plural- sheep.
There are examples of
allomorph.
Example :
1.
Three
different allomorphs
Cats /s/
Dogs/z/
Boxes/iz/
2.
Two allomorph
Loved /d/
Voiced /d/
Walked /t/
Stopped /t/
3.
One
allomorph
Disagreement /dis/
Discount /dis/
Disbelieve /dis/
E.
Stem
allomorphy
Allomorphy can also
exist in stems or roots, as in Classical Sanskrit:
Vāk (voice) Singular Plural
Nominative /vaːk/ /vaːt͡ʃ-as/
Genitive /vaːt͡ʃ-as/ /vaːt͡ʃ-aːm/
Instrumental /vaːt͡ʃ-aː/ /vaːɡ-bʱis/
Locative /vaːt͡ʃ-i/ /vaːk-ʂi/
There are three
allomorphs of the stem: /vaːk/, /vaːt͡ʃ/ and /vaːɡ/. The allomorphs are
conditioned by the particular case-marking suffixes.
The form of the stem
/vaːk/, found in the nominative singular and locative plural, is the
etymological form of the morpheme. Pre-Indic palatalization of velars resulted
in the variant form /vaːt͡ʃ/, which was initially phonologically conditioned.
This conditioning can still be seen in the Locative Singular form, where the /t͡ʃ/
is followed by the high front vowel /i/.
But subsequent
merging of /e/ and /o/ into /a/ made the alternation unpredictable on phonetic
grounds in the Genitive case (both Singular and Plural), as well as the
Nominative Plural and Instrumental Singular. Hence, this allomorphy was no
longer directly relatable to phonological processes. Phonological conditioning
also accounts for the /vaːɡ/ form found in the Instrumental Plural, where the /ɡ/
assimilates in voicing to the following /bʱ/.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Allomorphs
frequently happens that a particular morpheme is not represented everywhere by
the same morph, but by different morphs in different environments. The
alternative phonological manifestations or representations of such a morpheme
are called allomorphs, or ‘morpheme alternates’ or ‘morpheme variants’.
Allomorphy in English suffixes: English has
several morphemes that vary in sound but not in meaning. Examples include the
past tense and the plural morphemes.
Allomorphs are of three types:
1. Phonologically conditioned allomorphs, and
2. Morphologically conditioned allomorphs
3. Lexically conditioned allomorphs
Stem
allomorphy: Allomorphy can also exist in stems or roots. The allomorphs are
conditioned by the particular case-marking suffixes.
Allomorph is variant form of a morpheme
about the sounds and phonetic symbol but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph
has different in pronunciation and spelling according to their condition. It
means that allomorph will have different sound, pronounciation or spelling in
different condition.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AS Hornby.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition: Oxford
University Press, 2010.
F. Meyer, Charles.(2009).Introducing English Linguistics.Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
http//:wiegecko.wordpress.com/
http//www-01.sil.org./linguistics/GlossaryaOfLinguistics/
http://en.wikipedia.org
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